![]() By the mid-20th century, Russian dialects had mostly disappeared. Many people had radios and televisions, which helped to spread Standard Russian. In the 20th century, all children were required to go to school. Russians from the countryside continued to speak their local dialects. Until the 20th century, only the upper classes and people in cities spoke the literary language. That was called the "Golden Age" of Russian literature because it was a good period for the subject, which became very famous across the world.Īll of Russia began to use Russian as the language of literature, education, and official communication. The grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation of Russian became stable and were standardized at the end of the 18th century and during the 19th century. The Russian Academy of Sciences published the first full dictionary of Russian in 1783. Mikhail Lomonosov wrote the first book on Russian grammar in 1755. In some ways, Standard Russian was also like the Russian used in government offices in earlier centuries. Standard Russian grew out of the dialect of Russian that was spoken by people in and around Moscow. Peter the Great was then working to make the state more modern. It first appeared at the beginning of the 18th century. Standard Russian A poem by Alexander Pushkin read in Russian It is one of the six official languages of the United Nations, along with English, Spanish, French, Arabic, and Chinese. Russian is an official language of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. The other East Slavic languages and some of the South Slavic languages use the Cyrillic alphabet as well. It mostly uses the Cyrillic alphabet, whose letters, like those of Latin, came from Greek, but are different from them. Written Russian does not use the Latin alphabet that English and the West Slavic languages do - some people do however, learn to write it in Latin letters. More people speak Russian than any other Slavic language. Russian is one of the three main East Slavic languages the others are Ukrainian and Belarusian. Russian, like other Slavic languages, is an Indo-European language. It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia. It is the main language spoken in Russia. Russian (Russian: русский язык, transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language. ![]() The man speaking Russian and Hebrew in recorded on Cape Town, South Africa. ![]() In many cases additional letters are used, some of which are adaptations of standard Cyrillic letters, while others are taken from the Greek or Latin alphabets.Countries where Russian is an official language (dark blue) or spoken as a first or second language by greater than 30% of the population (teal) The Cyrillic alphabet has been adapted to write more than 120 different languages, mainly in Russia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Languages written with the Cyrillic alphabet This chart shows most of the Cyrillic letters currently in use, plus ones that are no longer used, with their names. The letters had numeric values, the order of which came from the Greek alphabet. Many letters had variant forms and commonly used ligatures, for example И = І = Ї, Ѡ = Ѻ, ѠТ = Ѿ.Iotation was indicated by ligatures formed with the letter I: Ꙗ (not ancestor of modern Ya, Я, which is derived from Ѧ), Ѥ, Ю (ligature of I and ОУ), Ѩ, Ѭ.Yeri (Ы) was originally a ligature of Yer and I (Ъ + I = Ы).Capital and lowercase letters were not distinguished in old manuscripts.
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